NAME
networking - introduction to networking facilities
SYNOPSIS
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <net/route.h>
#include <net/if.h>
DESCRIPTION
This section is a general introduction to the networking facilities
available in the system. The general introduction on this page is
broken up into three areas: protocol families (domains), protocols,
and network interfaces.
All network protocols are associated with a specific protocol family. A
protocol family provides basic services to the protocol implementation
to allow it to function within a specific network environment. These
services may include packet fragmentation and reassembly, routing,
addressing, and basic transport. A protocol family may support multiple
methods of addressing, though the current protocol implementations do not.
A protocol family is normally comprised of a number of protocols, one per
socket type. It is not required that a protocol family support all
socket types. A protocol family may contain multiple protocols support-
ing the same socket abstraction.
A protocol supports one of the socket abstractions detailed in socket.
A specific protocol may be accessed either by creating a socket of the
appropriate type and protocol family, or by requesting the protocol ex-
plicitly when creating a socket. Protocols normally accept only one type
of address format, usually determined by the addressing structure inher-
ent in the design of the protocol family/network architecture. Certain
semantics of the basic socket abstractions are protocol specific. All
protocols are expected to support the basic model for their particular
socket type, but may, in addition, provide non-standard facilities or ex-
tensions to a mechanism. For example, a protocol supporting the
SOCK_STREAM abstraction may allow more than one byte of out-of-band data
to be transmitted per out-of-band message.
A network interface is similar to a device interface. Network interfaces
comprise the lowest layer of the networking subsystem, interacting with
the actual transport hardware. An interface may support one or more pro-
tocol families and/or address formats.
PROTOCOL
The system currently supports the Internet protocols. Raw socket interfaces
are provided to the IP protocol layer of the Internet.
ADDRESSING
Associated with each protocol family is an address format. All network
addresses adhere to a general structure, called a sockaddr, described be-
low. However, each protocol imposes a finer, more specific structure,
generally renaming the variant, which is discussed in the protocol family
manual page alluded to above.
struct sockaddr {
u_int8_t sa_len;
sa_family_t sa_family;
char sa_data[14];
};
The field sa_len contains the total length of the structure, which may
exceed 16 bytes. The following address values for sa_family are known to
the system (and additional formats are defined for possible future imple-
mentation):
#define AF_UNIX 1 /* local to host (pipes, portals) */
#define AF_INET 2 /* internetwork: UDP, TCP, etc. */
#define AF_NS 6 /* Xerox NS protocols */
#define AF_CCITT 10 /* CCITT protocols, X.25 etc */
#define AF_HYLINK 15 /* NSC Hyperchannel */
#define AF_APPLETALK 16 /* AppleTalk */
#define AF_ISO 18 /* ISO protocols */
#define AF_IPX 23 /* Novell Internet Protocol */
#define AF_INET6 24 /* IPv6 */
#define AF_NATM 27 /* native ATM access */
ROUTING
OpenBSD provides some packet routing facilities. The kernel maintains a
routing information database, which is used in selecting the appropriate
network interface when transmitting packets.
This facility is however, untested in eCos ports.
INTERFACES
Each network interface in a system corresponds to a path through which
messages may be sent and received. A network interface usually has a
hardware device associated with it, though certain interfaces such as the
loopback interface, lo, do not.
The following ioctl calls may be used to manipulate network interfaces
The ioctl is made on a socket (typically of type SOCK_DGRAM) in the desired
domain. Most of the requests supported in earlier releases take an ifreq
structure as its parameter. This structure has the form
struct ifreq {
#define IFNAMSIZ 16
char ifr_name[IFNAMSIZ]; /* if name, e.g. "en0" */
union {
struct sockaddr ifru_addr;
struct sockaddr ifru_dstaddr;
struct sockaddr ifru_broadaddr;
short ifru_flags;
int ifru_metric;
caddr_t ifru_data;
} ifr_ifru;
#define ifr_addr ifr_ifru.ifru_addr /* address */
#define ifr_dstaddr ifr_ifru.ifru_dstaddr /* other end of p-to-p link */
#define ifr_broadaddr ifr_ifru.ifru_broadaddr /* broadcast address */
#define ifr_flags ifr_ifru.ifru_flags /* flags */
#define ifr_metric ifr_ifru.ifru_metric /* metric */
#define ifr_media ifr_ifru.ifru_metric /* media options (overload) */
#define ifr_data ifr_ifru.ifru_data /* for use by interface */
};
Calls which are now deprecated are:
SIOCSIFADDR Set interface address for protocol family. Following the
address assignment, the ``initialization'' routine for
the interface is called.
SIOCSIFDSTADDR Set point to point address for protocol family and inter-
face.
SIOCSIFBRDADDR Set broadcast address for protocol family and interface.
ioctl requests to obtain addresses and requests both to set and retrieve
other data are still fully supported and use the ifreq structure:
SIOCGIFADDR Get interface address for protocol family.
SIOCGIFDSTADDR Get point to point address for protocol family and inter-
face.
SIOCGIFBRDADDR Get broadcast address for protocol family and interface.
SIOCSIFFLAGS Set interface flags field. If the interface is marked
down, any processes currently routing packets through the
interface are notified; some interfaces may be reset so
that incoming packets are no longer received. When
marked up again, the interface is reinitialized.
SIOCGIFFLAGS Get interface flags.
SIOCSIFMEDIA Set interface media. See ifmedia(4) for possible values.
SIOCGIFMEDIA Get interface media. See ifmedia(4) for interpreting
this value.
SIOCSIFMETRIC Set interface routing metric. The metric is used only by
user-level routers.
SIOCGIFMETRIC Get interface metric.
There are two requests that make use of a new structure:
SIOCAIFADDR An interface may have more than one address associated
with it in some protocols. This request provides a means
to add additional addresses (or modify characteristics of
the primary address if the default address for the ad-
dress family is specified). Rather than making separate
calls to set destination or broadcast addresses, or net-
work masks (now an integral feature of multiple proto-
cols) a separate structure is used to specify all three
facets simultaneously (see below). One would use a
slightly tailored version of this struct specific to each
family (replacing each sockaddr by one of the family-spe-
cific type). Where the sockaddr itself is larger than
the default size, one needs to modify the ioctl(2) iden-
tifier itself to include the total size, as described in
ioctl(2).
SIOCDIFADDR This request deletes the specified address from the list
associated with an interface. It also uses the
if_aliasreq structure to allow for the possibility of
protocols allowing multiple masks or destination address-
es, and also adopts the convention that specification of
the default address means to delete the first address for
the interface belonging to the address family in which
the original socket was opened.
SIOCGIFCONF Get interface configuration list. This request takes an
ifconf structure (see below) as a value-result parameter.
The ifc_len field should be initially set to the size of
the buffer pointed to by ifc_buf. On return it will con-
tain the length, in bytes, of the configuration list.
Alternately, if the ifc_len passed in is set to 0,
SIOCGIFCONF will set ifc_len to the size that ifc_buf
needs to be to fit the entire configuration list and not
fill in the other parameters. This is useful for deter-
mining the exact size that ifc_buf needs to be in ad-
vance. Note, however, that this is an extension that not
all operating systems support.
/*
* Structure used in SIOCAIFADDR request.
*/
struct ifaliasreq {
char ifra_name[IFNAMSIZ]; /* if name, e.g. "en0" */
struct sockaddr ifra_addr;
struct sockaddr ifra_broadaddr;
struct sockaddr ifra_mask;
};
/*
* Structure used in SIOCGIFCONF request.
* Used to retrieve interface configuration
* for machine (useful for programs which
* must know all networks accessible).
*/
struct ifconf {
int ifc_len; /* size of associated buffer */
union {
caddr_t ifcu_buf;
struct ifreq *ifcu_req;
} ifc_ifcu;
#define ifc_buf ifc_ifcu.ifcu_buf /* buffer address */
#define ifc_req ifc_ifcu.ifcu_req /* array of structures returned */
};
SEE ALSO
bridge, spanning-tree
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